History1900sRussia/globalhigh confidence

Time use surveys have been used since at least 1900.

Notes on verification

Multiple independent academic and institutional sources (ILO, BMC Public Health historical review, ISER/CTUR workshop, NCRM) corroborate that time-use survey methodology dates to at or before 1900, originating with Russian zemstvo researchers. Some blurring exists between time-budget and household-budget surveys, and true time-diary studies emerged slightly later (1920s-1930s), but the core claim is well supported by specialist literature. [tier=gold indep_score=0.967 clusters=6 claim_tier=notable | framework convergence=partial (upstreams: Bauman, Bittman & Gershuny (2019) 'A short history of time use research', Kimberly Fisher / Centre for Time Use Research (CTUR) history documents, ILO time-use survey guidance) — publishers independent, evidence may not be | kind=empirical eligibility=high (extractor: empirical/medium)]

Sources