Since 2019, Dutch export controls on lithography machines to China had covered only the most advanced extreme ultraviolet (EUV) machines, prior to the 2023 expansion.
Notes on verification
Multiple independent sources (AP, Tech Wire Asia, NBC, Euronews, ASML statements) corroborate that Dutch export controls from 2019 targeted only EUV machines, with DUV restrictions added only in the 2023 expansion. [tier=silver indep_score=0.833 clusters=6 claim_tier=notable | kind=empirical eligibility=high]
Sources
- The US-China chip war is still escalating (seed:technology_and_ai)
- https://techwireasia.com/2023/09/when-do-chinese-chip-gear-export-curbs-hit-the-netherlands/ (corroboration)
- https://www.barchart.com/story/news/18145159/dutch-semiconductor-machine-export-restrictions-to-come-into-force-in-september (corroboration)
- https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/dutch-curb-chip-equipment-exports-us-pressure-rcna91969 (corroboration)
- https://www.euronews.com/2023/03/10/dutch-curb-on-microchip-tech-exports-for-china-could-become-eu-wide-says-valdis-dombrovski (corroboration)
- https://www.techpowerup.com/351847/united-states-government-may-restrict-asmls-duv-tool-exports-to-china (corroboration)
- https://iep.unibocconi.eu/why-asml-eus-most-important-bargaining-chip (corroboration)