Science2016-2019United Stateshigh confidence

Refined carbohydrates account for approximately 42% of total calories in the average American diet.

Notes on verification

Figure derives from a single peer-reviewed JAMA study (Shan et al., 2019) using NHANES data, widely reported by Tufts, Harvard, and major media. Note the study's 'low-quality carbohydrates' category (refined grains, starchy vegetables, added sugars) is slightly broader than 'refined carbohydrates' alone, but this framing is standard in secondary coverage. [cascade flags: aggregator_dropped_primary_exists | tier=silver indep_score=0.957 clusters=7 claim_tier=notable | framework convergence=single on Shan et al. 2019 JAMA study using NHANES 1999-2016 dietary recall data and USDA Food and Nutrition Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS) (upstreams: JAMA study by Shan et al. 2019, NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) 1999-2016, Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy) — publishers independent, evidence may not be | kind=empirical eligibility=high]

Sources