In the 1870 U.S. census, "Chinese" was used as a color/race category alongside White, Black, Mulatto, and Indian, and for census purposes "Chinese" included Japanese people but excluded Hawaiians.
Notes on verification
Confirmed by primary source (Hochschild citing 1870 census report) and corroborated by multiple independent secondary sources including Dartmouth digital history project, Pew Research, and Community Solutions. [tier=silver indep_score=0.833 clusters=3 claim_tier=notable]
Sources
- Racial Reorganization and the United States Census 1850-1930 (seed:relationships_and_lifestyle)
- https://journeys.dartmouth.edu/censushistory/2016/01/22/asian-race-categorization-in-the-united-states-1910-1970/ (corroboration)
- https://www.communitysolutions.com/resources/short-history-race-question-decennial-census (corroboration)
- https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2010/01/21/race-and-the-census-the-negro-controversy/ (corroboration)