Science2010s-2020sUnited Stateslow confidence

In 2021, academic sleuths revealed that two experiments in the 2012 'signing first' honesty paper were fraudulent.

Notes on verification

Well-corroborated by Data Colada's detailed forensic analyses, BuzzFeed News reporting, and academic commentary. The 2021 discovery targeted one study (Study 3); the full detail of two separately fabricated studies emerged more clearly in 2023 follow-ups, so the exact 2021 framing is slightly compressed but substantially accurate. [tier=unverified indep_score=0.3 clusters=4 claim_tier=exceptional] [rescored 2026-09-15: curated origin-host map (PR #65); unclassified hosts no longer scored as aggregators]

Sources