Espionage can be conducted domestically, in a foreign country, or remotely.
Notes on verification
Standard framing in intelligence literature; corroborated by Cato Institute analysis, Wikipedia's Clandestine HUMINT article, and other intelligence-focused sources. No contradicting evidence found. [tier=unverified indep_score=0.375 clusters=1 claim_tier=everyday] [kind-backfill 2026-09-15: kind=empirical eligibility=high] [harvest 2026-09-23: +2 source(s) on new hosts; tier unverified->silver indep=0.525 clusters=3]
Sources
- Espionage (wikipedia)
- https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/espionage-espionage-related-crimes-immigration-risk-analysis-1990-2019 (corroboration)
- https://www.cyber-espionage.ch/ (corroboration)
- https://legalinformers.com/what-spies-can-and-cant-legally-do/ (corroboration)