HistoryPrehistoric (Pleistocene, ~40,000 years ago)Southeast Asia (Philippines, Indonesia, Timor-Leste)medium confidence

Analysis of 40,000-year-old stone tools excavated at sites across the Philippines, Indonesia, and Timor-Leste yielded traces of plant processing.

Notes on verification

Directly supported by a peer-reviewed study (Fuentes and Pawlik, 2025) and echoed by multiple science news outlets, but all coverage traces back to this single primary source rather than independent corroborating studies. [cascade flags: aggregator_dropped_primary_exists | tier=silver indep_score=0.963 clusters=4 claim_tier=notable | framework convergence=single on Fuentes and Pawlik 2025 study (JASR) and its associated university press release (upstreams: Fuentes & Pawlik (2025), Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 'Testing the waters: Plant working and seafaring in Pleistocene Wallacea', Ateneo de Manila University press release) — publishers independent, evidence may not be | kind=empirical eligibility=high]

Sources